Challenges of teaching English as an additional language in high schools in Cambodia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62037/cjer.2023.03.01.03Keywords:
English language teaching, English teachers, high schools, challenges, CambodiaAbstract
As English is a lingua franca in Southeast Asia, the teaching of this international language has been identified as an important educational activity in Cambodia. This study examined the challenges of teaching English as an additional language in four public high schools in Cambodia. It investigated the significance of various aspects of the school environment and the attributes of teachers toward English language teaching. A mixed methods design was employed, and data were collected through a survey and semi-structured interviews. The findings showed that a dated curriculum, classroom overcrowding, immovable furniture, limited resources, and a lack of professional development contributed to the challenges in teaching English in Cambodian schools. The study concludes with recommendations for the Royal Government of Cambodia and relevant stakeholders to provide schools with sufficient funds, facilities, and teaching resources; offer professional development opportunities to teachers and staff; and update English course books.
Downloads
References
Adedokun, O. A., Parker, L. C., Henke, J. N., & Burgess, W. D. (2017). Student perceptions of a 21st century learning space. Journal of Learning Spaces, 6(1), 1-13. http://libjournal.uncg.edu/jls/article/view/1339
Albore, A. K. (2019). Examining factors that obstruct the practice of learner-centered approach in teaching speaking skill in English language classroom: The case of five government primary schools in Wolaita Sodo city. Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics, 62(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.7176/JLLL/62-01
Alfares, N. (2017). Benefits and difficulties of learning in group work in EFL classes in Saudi Arabia. English Language Teaching, 10(7), 247-256. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n7p247
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Sorensen, C. K., & Walker, D. (2013). Introduction to research in education (9th ed.). CENGAGE Learning.
Baldinger, A. (2019). ‘English Opens Doors' for young EFL learners in Chile: Students in a public school experience communicative language learning with international volunteer teachers [Master's thesis, University of Western Finland]. UEF eRepository.
https://erepo.uef.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/22140/urn_nbn_fi_uef-20191231.pdf
Breen, M. P., & Candlin, C. N. (1980). The essentials of a communicative curriculum in language teaching. Applied Linguistics, 1(2), 89-112. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/I.2.89
Burns, A., & Richards, J. C. (2012). The Cambridge guide to pedagogy and practice in second language teaching. Cambridge University Press.
Christison, M., & Murray, D. E. (2012). Leadership in English language education: Theoretical foundations and practical skills for changing times. Routledge.
Cochran-Smith, M., Grudnoff, L., Orland-Barak, L., & Smith, K. (2020). Educating teacher educators: International perspectives. The New Educator, 16(1), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/1547688X.2019.1670309
Coombe, C. A. (2008). Leadership in English language teaching and learning. University of Michigan Press.
Corrado, R., & Tungjan, P. (2019, July 11-12). Teachers’ motivation and quality education represent the key for the change in Cambodia. Proceedings of the 4th Thailand International College Consortium Conference, Chonburi, Thailand. http://ticcic2019.buu.ac.th/Doc/The%204th%20Thailand%20International%20College%20Consortium%20E-Proceedings.pdf
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Crocco, O. S., & Bunwirat, N. (2014). English in ASEAN: Key effects. International Journal of the Computer, the Internet and Management, 22(2), 22-27.
Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teacher education around the world: What can we learn from international practice? European Journal of Teacher Education, 40(3), 291-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2017.1315399
East, M. (2009). Promoting positive attitudes towards foreign language learning: A New Zealand initiative. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 30(6), 493-507. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630903147906
Em, S. (2021). Challenges of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey of Cambodian high school students. Cambodian Journal of Educational Research, 1(2), 96-108. https://cefcambodia.com/cjer-volume-1-number-2/
Em, S., & Nun, N. (2022). Cambodian grade-12 students’ perceptions of public English textbook and exam papers. PROJECT (Professional Journal of English Education), 5(4), 909-917. https://doi.org/10.22460/project.v5i4.p909-917
Emery, H. (2012). A global study of primary English teachers’ qualifications, training and career development. In S. Sheehan. (Ed.), British Council ELT Research Papers (Vol. 1, pp. 69-104). British Council.
Fleming, M., & Stevens, D. (2015). English teaching in the secondary school: Linking theory and practice (4th ed.). Routledge.
Heikkilä, M. (2021). Finnish teachers’ participation in local curriculum development: A study of processes in five school contexts. Policy Futures in Education, 19(7), 752-769. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1478210320967816
Heng, K. (2014). Communicative language teaching in EFL contexts: Challenges and suggestions for successful implementation [Master’s thesis, University of Canberra]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332142131_Communicative_Language_Teaching_in_EFL_Contexts_Challenges_and_Suggestions_for_Successful_Implementation
Heng, K. (2021a). COVID-19: A catalyst for the digital transformation of Cambodian education. ISEAS Perspective No. 87. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wpcontent/uploads/2021/06/ISEAS_Perspective_2021_87.pdf
Heng, K. (2021b). Exploring the impacts of COVID-19 on education in Southeast Asia: Challenges and opportunities. In C. Pich, & H. Robert (Eds.), The impact of COVID-19 pandemic: National and regional implications (pp. 166-177). Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Cambodia.
Heng, K., Kaing, S., Kao, D., Muong, M., Doeur, B., & Lor, T. (Eds.). (2021). Online learning during COVID-19 and key issues in education. Cambodian Education Forum. https://cefcambodia.com/books/
Karlberg, M., & Bezzina, C. (2020). The professional development needs of beginning and experienced teachers in four municipalities in Sweden. Professional Development in Education, 48(4), 624-641. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2020.1712451
King, E. (2021). Reflecting on the past- exploring future opportunities and challenges: Cambodian teacher education since the 1970s. Current Politics and Economics of South, Southeastern, and Central Asia, 30(1), 77-108. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2577066661?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
König, J., Jäger-Biela, D. J., & Glutsch, N. (2020). Adapting to online teaching during COVID-19 school closure: teacher education and teacher competence effects among early career teachers in Germany. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 608-622. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1809650
Lim, S., & Keuk, C. N. (2018). A sociocultural analysis of Cambodian teachers’ cognitions about cultural contents in an ‘internationally imported’ textbook in a tertiary English learning context. In H. P. Widodo, M. Perfecto, L. Van Canh, & A. Buripakdi (Eds), Situating moral and cultural values in ELT materials (pp. 87-110). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63677-1_6
Lor, T. (2021). 21st century learning and factors impacting on the integration of transformative English language learning into upper secondary schools in Cambodia [Doctoral dissertation, Charles Darwin University]. Charles Darwin University Research Repositories. https://ris.cdu.edu.au/ws/portalfiles/portal/45052834/Thesis_CDU_Lor_T.pdf
Ma, T. (2017, April 8-9). Six-fold correlative elements of curriculum development in language teaching [Paper presentation]. 3rd International Conference on Social Science and Technology Education, Wuhan, China. http://dpi-proceedings.com/index.php/dtssehs/article/view/9287/8853
Matsepe, D., Maluleke, M., & Cross, M. (2019). Re-imagining teacher’s experience with overcrowded classrooms in the public secondary schools in South Africa. Journal of Gender, Information and Development in Africa, 8(2), 81-93. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-1997f9e889
Mayher, J. S., & Brause, R. S. (1986). Learning through teaching: Is testing crippling integrated language education? Language Arts, 63(4), 390-396. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41405452
McGregor, J. (2003). Making spaces: Teacher workplace topologies. Pedagogy, Culture and Society, 11(3), 353-377. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681360300200179
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Mertens, D. M. (2018). Ethics of qualitative data collection. In U. Flick (Ed.), Qualitative data collection (pp. 33-48). SAGE Publications.
Mohd-Asraf, R., Hossain, M. T., & Eng, T. K. (2019). Fifty years of communicative language teaching. The Asian ESP Journal, 15(1&2), 147-175. https://www.asian-esp-journal.com/volume-15-issue-1-2-june-2019/
Mutch, C. (2013). Doing educational research: A practitioner's guide to getting started (2nd ed.). NZCER Press.
Mwanza, C., & Mkandawire, S. B. (2020). From curriculum guide to classroom practice: Teachers’ of English language narratives of the 2013 revised curriculum implementation in Zambia. Multidisciplinary Journal of Language and Social Sciences Education), 3(2), 193-215. https://journals.unza.zm/index.php/mjlsse/article/view/239
Neau, V. (2003). The teaching of foreign languages in Cambodia: A historical perspective. Language Culture and Curriculum, 16(3), 253-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908310308666673
Ngel, K. (2022). English proficiency: Key to educational opportunities for Cambodian students. Cambodian Journal of Educational Research, 2(1), 135-145. https://cefcambodia.com/cjer-volume-2-issue-1/
Nith, B., Wright, W. E, Hor, S., Bredenburg, K., & Singh, M. (2010). Active-learning pedagogies as a reform initiative: The case of Cambodia (EQUIP1 Research Report). American Institute for Research. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaeb152.pdf
Nomnian, S., & Arphattananon, T. (2018). School Administrators' competencies for effective English language teaching and learning in Thai government primary schools. IAFOR Journal of Education, 6(2), 51-69. https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.6.2.04
Phon, S. (2017). Factors affecting the English language proficiency of students majoring in English at a rural university in Cambodia. UC Occasional Paper Series, 1(1), 69-92.
Richards, J. C. (2001). Curriculum development in language teaching. Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C. (2010). Competence and performance in language teaching. RELC Journal, 41(2), 101-122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688210372953
Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2014). Approaches and methods in language teaching (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Seidlhofer, B. (2011). Conceptualizing ‘English’for a multilingual Europe. In A. D. Houwer & A. Wilton (Eds.), English in Europe today: Sociocultural and educational perspectives (pp. 133-146). John Benjamins.
Sevy-Biloon, J., Recino, U., & Munoz, C. (2020). Factors affecting English language teaching in public schools in Ecuador. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(3), 276-294. http://ijlter.org/index.php/ijlter/article/view/1948
Soeung, S. (2021). Revisiting Cambodian private tutoring: Insights into teachers’ professional misconduct. Journal of International and Comparative Education, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.14425/jice.2021.10.1.0704
Tandon, P., & Fukao, T. (2015). Educating the next generation: Improving teacher quality in Cambodia. World Bank Publications. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0417-5
Timperley, H., Wilson, A., Barrar, H., & Fung, I. (2007). Teacher professional learning and development: Best evidence synthesis iteration. Ministry of Education. https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/publications/series/2515/15341
Tith, M. (2015). The current ELT educational practice in Cambodia. In T. W. Bigalke, & S. Sharbawi (Eds.), English for ASEAN integration: Policies and practices in the region (pp.15-21). Universiti Brunei Darussalam.
Uddin, S. M., & Ferdous, J. (2020). Exploring the challenges of organizational leadership and management. Journal of ELT and Education, 3(2), 44-50. https://jee-bd.com/journal/3272020/
Uramoto, Y., & Lohani, B. N. (2014). ASEAN community 2015: Managing integration for better jobs and shared prosperity. ILO and ADB. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_300672.pdf
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The articles published by this journal are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.